This blog is Written by Manasi Sutar LL.B Student, Government Law College Mumbai.

Abstract:

This paper presents a systematic review of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita with special reference to Juvenile law in India. The paper explores the historical development of juvenile justice in the Indian legal framework to understand if the conventional knowledge of justice system has been adjusted to cater to changing needs. Accordingly, the study seeks to achieve the following objectives: To establish how existing practices in juvenile law have been influenced by legislative and jurisprudential developments by comparing case laws. Therefore, this research proposes a more flexible legal system that addresses the development and emancipatory nature of kids and adolescents as opposed to the current stringent rules in practice.

The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita has gone through some minor modifications in the recent past, and from these changes, one can easily make out that the Indian juvenile justice bill proposes more stringent laws for juvenile criminals. This best generates a controversy regarding the relationship between punishment and rehabilitation, as well as providing valuable information to the functionality and the legal credibility of the system. Based on this, the paper offers policy implications of shifting the focus of the public to incorporate both rehabilitation and punishment with an objective of strengthening legal protection of children.

Introduction:

The British-designed Indian Penal Code (IPC), which was adopted by the Indian Parliament in 1860 and introduced in 1834 by the first Law Commission headed by Thomas Babington Macaulay, now replaced by the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita Bill of 2023. Apart from itemizing several offenses and their corresponding penalties, Macaulay’s code also sought to remove disparities and inconsistencies from the Indian legal regime. As civilization progressed, so did the various forms of criminal activities that occur due to the nature of progression in technology. As such, the BNS is seen attempting to conform to the modernity by providing a list of modern offenses and modifying the accompanying penalties. After its condensation, I may be having only 358 Sections for BNS and not the IPC’s 511 Sections.

July 1,2024 is a significant day for the Indian Justice System because it completes the following Acts: Bhartiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), Bhartiya Nagrik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), and Bhartiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA). The new criminal laws that attempt to replace the existing Indian Penal Code, Criminal Procedure Code, and the Indian Evidence Act include the necessary changes that could meet the contemporary issues in India. The BNS recognizes new crime. As for the new practices within the BNSS legal framework, the organization makes the forensic investigation compulsory and digitalizes the legal procedures. The BSA also embraces electronic and digital forms of evidence while working to update the procedures for managing evidence. It also enhances openness on contentious issues.

Comparison of Old vs New Criminal Laws:

Despite this, the BNS Regulations interfere with children’s rights even where the specific focus is elsewhere. It greatly influences the nuances of developing the juvenile law which is at present more focused on the safety of children during their period of confinement within the justice system. The only major differentiation made is that now instead of being divided into several sections as in the old Indian Penal Code of 1860, the new Chapter 5 has a detailed list of crimes against women and children. Another enhancement made is providing a definition for the young readers that will help them in understanding the text better.

By the provision of section 2(3), anyone who is below the age of eighteen years is considered a child. The term ‘child’ is employed recurrently in the BNS, while the terms ‘minor’ and ‘under eighteen years’ were rather often used in the Indian Penal Code, 1860. All regulations presently employ the same meaning of the word ‘child,’ which is more comprehensible and beneficial to the public. Examples of this include: In Sections 370(5 and 6 IPC the term ‘minor’ has been used for human trafficking, while in Sections 141 (4, 5, and 6 Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita this term has been replaced by the term ‘child’. In the same way, Section 363(A IPC) which deals with kidnapping or maiming a minor for the purpose of begging has used the term ‘minor’, but in The changes that were observed in Sections 96 and 97 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita which categorically outlawed prostitution also reflected the same. The laws that address the rape of minors have also been subjected to a lot of changes. Girls below the ages of twelve or sixteen could be subjected to the age based gang rape as prescribed by the Indian Penal Code of the year 1860. The later version of Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita deleted this principle of threshold. Reduction in legal provisions, if a woman below the age of eighteen years is gang raped, the culprit can be punished with life imprisonment or death in accordance with section 70(2) of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita. Further enhancing the Children Protection, Section 63 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita has increased the consent age from 15 to 18. However, the exemption for rape within marriage has remained.

Inclusion and Eliminating:

Some of offences have been removed while others have been inserted in a bid to enhancing kids protection and the favourable legal environment all in all. This was with the Indian Penal Code Section 310 which stated that “Whoever, at any time after the passing of this Act, shall have been habitually associated with any other or others for the purpose of committing robbery or child-stealing by means of or accompanied with murder, is a thug”. has been altered to participate the word thugs throughout the passage.

As previously mentioned, one step taken to enhance child safety is the implementation of a BNS provision that makes it illegal to hire, engage, or employ a minor to commit an offense: According to section 93, any person who hires, employs or uses the service of any person below the age of eighteen years for the purpose of committing any offense shall be liable to be punished with either of the said types of imprisonment or any other punishment for the said offense as if the said offense was committed by him alone. This section focuses on hiring, employing, engaging, or using a kid for pornographic or sexual related purposes.

Some of the laws have been altered to achieve the desired gender mainstreaming. To advance the case of gender equality, now the term “child” has been incorporated into some clauses, which previously were limited to women only. Section 366 A of the Indian Penal Code provides a provision for the procurement of young girls and it is sexually biassed against men. However, Section 94, which now has the procurement aspect, now applies to anyone below the age of eighteen because of the BNS changes. In the same manner, Section 366 B of the IPC provides a clause which is quite clearly biased towards boys and relates to the importation of girls from other countries. It only covers girls who are below the age of twenty-one years as written in the legislation.

However due to changes to the BNS, males below the age of eighteen are now contained in Section 139 on the same topic. The legal change will safeguard young boys and girls from being made to endure compelled sexual activity. A notable case known as Tania Begum@ Hazra vs. State of West Bengal took place on September 5, 2023, before the launching of BNS in December 2023. The victim was a young girl who was promised a job in Kolkata after her journey from Bangladesh but was instead sexually exploited. This is only one example of many instances and cases where youths who are taken in are abused.

Conclusion:

In broad contours, the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita brings about drastic changes in the Indian legal landscape in the following respects. The incorporation of the BNS has signified a significant epoch-making moment in the enhancement of children’s rights in the Indian legal framework. The measure captures difficulties and issues concerning children, thus, showing concern towards the welfare of the children. One more positive change introduced with the modifications, additions, deletions which has lead to protect children of the future generation has been achieved with the core intention of preserving their safety. The changes have accounted for achieving inclusiveness: each of them eliminates the existing gap and creates better conditions for children with various needs to learn in a safety and friendly manner. Thus, the emergence of BNS can be seen as a positive shift in the Indian legal framework on children’s rights and protections; however, its effectiveness is yet to be seen. An update is one thing that everyone would wish to see in the current social context, but in as much as it aims to protect and help society it has to be put into practice.

ABSTRACT

This abstract examines terrorism within the framework of human rights and illustrates how an attempt to balance national security with individual freedoms is fraught with dangers due to the myriad interconnections involved in terrorism. It further specifies how counterterrorism measures that can encompass arbitrary detention, mass surveillance and with grave impact on free expression and association do great harm to civil freedoms often long after implemented. The abstract also talks about the idea of implementing security promoting and human rights protective policies. Then the author bring out a legal defense and points out that national counterterrorism strategies have to respect human rights for democracy to continue growing, also healthily. Finally, the discussion argues against policy choices in the name of countering terrorism that threaten fundamental human rights.

INTRODUCTION:

Human rights are those freedoms and privileges applicable to all humans, regardless of sex, nationality, ethnicity, religion, language, or any other distinguishing feature. Of the rights, inalienability, universality, and interdependence paint it as an intrinsic quality that epitomizes establishing justice, in pursuit of equality, and human dignity. International peace and security, as well as the protection of human rights, are seriously jeopardized by the threats emanating from terrorism. This calls for a delicate balance between the need to respect the basic human rights and dignity of a person and the need to fight terrorism. Violations of human rights inadvertently can provide assistance in recruiting terrorists; at the same time, they threaten personal freedoms in counterterrorism operations. Therefore, one has to be careful when passing judgment on the complicated balance.

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT:

1. Ancient Civilizations: The Code of Hammurabi, born in Babylonia in 1754 BCE, formed the basis for early cultures' belief in justice, equality, and human dignity

2. The Enlightenment Period (17th–18th centuries): The very roots of modern human rights were fashioned by great thinkers such as Immanuel Kant, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and John Locke

3. American and French Revolutions 1776, 1789 : These resulted in high points of emphasis on freedom, individual liberty, and democratic principles

4. Industrial Revolution 19th-20th century : Reforms and labor unions for worker's rights

POST WORLD WAR II:

1. United Nations 1945: To promote international cooperation, security, and peace. 2. UDHR (1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights): Declaration adopted by the UN General Assembly states thirty right

 3. The Geneva Conventions 1949 mandated protection for civilians as well as prisoners of war

4. Regional defense framework, most important to human rights, is the European Convention on Human Rights accepted in 1950

IMPACT OF TERRORISM ON HUMAN RIGHTS

Terrorism is an infringement on individuals’ rights, and in particular, on their right to safety as well as their civil liberties. A terrorist act is an attack on the right to life and security and it creates panic in society influencing social cohesion. As an effect, governments put in place security measures that are rigid and may be deemed to have violated the civil liberties of their citizens, for instance, freedom of speech, and privacy. Such measures may lead to prejudice and exclusion of some ethnic or religious groups and increase social injustice and exclusion. Furthermore, counter-terrorism measures may render refugees and asylum seekers as criminals thus making it hard for them to find protection. All in all, it can be said that although terrorism must be fought, one must not forget about the principles of human rights protection and democracy, as fighting against terrorism should not lead to new violations and the weakening of the latter.

CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS:

Civil and political rights are categorized under human rights that protect individual freedom as well as the right to vote in the political systems. With relation to terrorism, these rights are usually at risk as governments introduce measures of nation security. Although it is imperative to fight terrorism it at the same time causes infringement of democratic values including freedom of speech, assembly, and fair trial. It is therefore important to ensure a proper balancing of security interests with those of civil and political rights as to uphold democratic values as well as to avoid compromising some rights in the pretext of counter terrorism that actually holds and protects them.

ECONOMIC,SOCIAL,AND CULTURAL RIGHTS:

Terrorism bears heavy consequences for economic, social, and cultural rights resulting in a more complicated situation than needed. To begin with, terrorism brings positive economic effects by destroying local businesses and the tourism industry without new long-term jobs being created in their place. Such acts threaten the right to security and create an atmosphere of fear that leads to displacement and overstretches the health care system. Comment, This sort of instability often results in a lack of or poor availability of critical services, especially during conflicts. What is more, terrorists have been known to demolish monuments of cultural importance and impose restrictions on speech which weakens and disintegrates societies. Such consequences of terrorism can cause the violation of the rights of individuals to an extent that requires a re-thinking of the relationship between security and the fundamental rights of people. Moreover, because terror attacks hamper tourism and local economies, newer job patterns do not get added.” Such acts undermine the protection of the right to security and bring about fear that causes migrations that over-burden the health facilities available. Comment, This kind of instability usually leads to a deficiency or poor provision of key services especially in times of conflict. What is more, terrorism has affected the respect for some cultural integration for instance seeking freedom of speech has seen terrorist destroying important historical structures. All in all, terrorism abuse individual rights in such an extent that calls for a re-evaluation of the concept of security in relation to fundamental human rights.

COUNTER-TERRORISM MEASURES AND HUMAN RIGHTS:

These counter-terrorism measures are relevant to national security but, at the same time, pose tremendous challenges to human rights. In the effort to curb and defeat terrorism, governments are forced to impose rigorous surveillance measures, retain people on allegations of crimes without having brought charges or convictions, and clamp freedom of speech and movement. These measures, although intended to achieve public security, utterly disrespect basic human rights practices such as torture and wrongful arrest or detention and unfair treatment of certain persons or classes. There is thus the need to find a balance between the protection of human rights and effective use of counterterrorism strategies. Commitments, therefore, must be made to the rule of law under which all actions taken are responsible and transparent. End.

STATE RESPONSES:

The government or the people respond to a human rights infringement based on circumstances and who is involved. For example, different governments may respond in different ways to when human rights are infringed. For example, there may be enactment of new laws and policy measures to safeguard and enforce human rights, the formation of neutral commissions to investigate such crimes, or compensation for victims. When a specific violation of human rights is seen to be egregiously serious, international actors - the United Nations and the like, not an exhaustive list - will engage in diplomatic diplomacy by imposing sanctions or undertaking peacekeeping operations; citizens and civil society become watchdogs, demanding accountability and protections against violations and violations of the principles of human rights by raising the consciousness of the populace regarding such infractions; in addition to providing relief to the affected populations. International courts and tribunals for those who will be found guilty of infractions also have legal procedures. In addition to the above solutions, these institutions are also a reaction to humanity's collective failure in preventing these breaches while helping everyone's right to justice and dignity together.

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION:

International cooperation in the area of human rights is important to ensure and promote individual rights in the world. Countries and other multinational organizations can create incentives to address human rights violations when they establish standards that promote accountability through mechanisms. International cooperation can take its forms through formal treaties and diplomatic negotiations, and by advocating for institutions which hold international authority in human rights like the UN Human Rights Council. Collectively, countries strive to uphold the core principles of justice, freedom, and dignity by combating international crimes and assisting victims. International cooperation also enhances the resource allocation, capacity building, and transfer of best practices and hence enhances national institutions and organizations' capacity to better improve the global framework for protection and promotion of human rights.

UNITED NATIONS INSTRUMENTS:

From this standpoint, the United Nations has established a number of critical instruments to promote and safeguard human rights internationally. The cornerstone is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted in 1948 and eloquently stated, the universal rights and freedoms to all humankind. These declarations are further reinforced by two conventions clearly established by statute: the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), together known as the International Bill of Human Rights. There have also been conventions drafted to focus on specific issues, such as the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). Other specific instruments are established to address breaches in human rights, like the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) and Convention against Torture (CAT). These conventions serve as a blueprint from which a state is to implement human rights. Indeed, many UN committees as well as other bodies track compliance, and then dispute breaches that have been alleged.

CONCLUSION:

Generally speaking, the issues relating to the nexus between terrorism and human rights are multiple and very complex. Reaching a consensus on how to deal with terrorism in order to gain security and stability does not mean by any means that one would have to give up on fundamental rights of humans within this procedure. It would, thus, be important to maintain a fair balance between rights of individuality versus security measures so as to not threaten chaos, too much mistrust, and also potential abuse. Accordingly, effective counterterrorism strategies must therefore be underscored by justice, accountability, and the rule of law lest these efforts prove counterproductive by undermining the very rights to be protected.

REFERENCE:

1. https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/ctc/content/human-rights

2. https://www.ohchr.org/en/topic/terrorism-and-violent-extremism

3. https://www.coe.int/t/dlapil/cahdi/Source/Docs2002/H_2002_4E.pdf

4. https://justice.org.uk/counter-terrorism-human-rights/

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This paper was written by an Anbunila student who is in their third year of a BBA LLB program at Bharath Institute of Law.

INTRODUCTION:

The system in Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita in India is of rehabilitation and preventive nature. Crime analysis is something that law professionals need to do to help propose a better reform of criminal law in India through a better legal structure. This approach relies more on the psychology of a criminal and covers the thought processes of the criminals. In these respects, the operation of the system is to make sure that the legal responses are not only fair, but can reform. This you could consider to be a progressive approach to criminal justice, with the goal is to prevent the reoffending of criminals and help reintegrate into society. In this way the system, through education and reform, aims at developing a better efficient and fairer legal setting. The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita aims at meritocracy within the Indian prison system and understanding the forensic psychology. It finds the compelling need of examination that is grounded in psychology, virtue, societal linkages, and criminology is able to uncover the causes of offenses. Consequently, the main ground of regulation that seeks to assure justice, representation, as well as improve the jail-based treatment facility. The law is not antagonistic and looks to create a situation where those who did the crime are the same people who can enjoy the benefits of the experience, as daughters are to cancellation within their hearts. By recognizing the inner processes of human behavior and situational cues that precede the commission of a crime, it wants to lay down a legal framework that functions with a restorative objective in addition to a punitive one. It is a project done by well-skilled professionals such as a judge or lawyer, a psychotherapist, and a sociologist who devise the right choices that bring turnaround to the rate of crime.

PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES BEHIND CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR:

SOCIOLOGICAL INFLUENCES:

Criminal psychology is a set of ideas in that explain why people turn into criminals, this is based on theories such as the strain theory that states that every individual is compelled to crime by pressures within the society. Also, according to social learning theory, environment and peers influence determine the learning process. In the context of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, these theories are richer in offering an understanding of offenders’ motivation as well as their mental status. It is important to understand these motives because it enables one to provide early interventions that will address the issues making the individuals turn into criminals. This understanding can go along way to assisting the development of proper legal interventions and treatment programs thus enhancing a more efficient and fair legal system. In addition, the application of these theories into criminal justice polices can improve preventions, decrease the rate of recidivism, and facilitate social reintegration of the offenders. Related in Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita Regarding to the Acharyas of Bhatriya Nyaya Sanhita, some are as follows:

BIOLOGICAL CHAPTERS:

1. Genetics: Combining results of the studies shows that there is evidence that genes can increase ones liability to be antisocial or criminal. Research with twins and families indicate the possibility of inherited factors that may be concerns with behavior protractions.

2. Neurotransmitters: Chemical inequalities in the intensity of neurotransmitter substances such as serotonin and dopamine are related to mood and impulse control. Perhaps such disparities are associated with the aggressive or even the antisocial activity of people.

3. Brain Structure and Function: Defective areas of the brains connected with criminal tendencies are the prefrontal cortex associated with controlling impulses and making right decisions, and the amygdala with managing the emotions.

4. Neurological Conditions: Some neurological disorders or brain injuries same with the difficulty in exercising proper judgment and controlling our actions thereby resulting in criminal behaviors.

When incorporating these biological aspects into the legal domain within the bharatiya nyaya sanhita it is likely that the proposed way would consist in pondering such on how biological features could impact the criminal responsibility or whether the recidivists need treatment or penalties.

PROFILING AND PREDICTING CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR:

CRIMINAL PROFILING TECHNIQUES:

Targeting and a prior identification of criminal activity require the assessment of patterns, precipitating factors, and psychological characteristics of offenders. Some of the methods include the behavioral analysis, geographical profiling, and the use of statistical analysis. These methods help in apprehension of suspects and they are very useful when it comes to anticipating and preventing other cases. Knowledge of psychological and environmental factor greatly helps in the evaluation and determination of criminal intents. Profiling thus involves the study on the sociological background, past history and the demographics of individuals which can help in the narrowing down of individuals. This also helps in coming up with proper strategies to ensure that incidences of crime are spotted early and proper measures put in place to ensure that the public is safe, and incidences of crime reduced.

TYPOLOGIES OF CRIMINALS:

Looking into the nature of offenders, people focus on such typologies as organized, disorganized and white-collar criminals. Each of them has his or her unique psychological profile and the reasons for committing a crime can be traced back to the characters’ early experiences and influences. To be more precise, where the first type will be characterized by excessive order and calculation – as is inherent to many different types of organized crime – the second will be typified by impulsivity or a lack of planning. On the other hand, white-collar criminal tend to justify their wrong doing by use of rationalization due to greed and ambition among other factors. Knowledge of these patterns helps in ways of prevention and early interventions and in the rehabilitation of the offenders. It is thus possible for society to come up with preventive measures that focus on eradiculating the causes of crime and developing rehabilitation measures which will effectively lead to reduction in crime rates in society.

INTRODUCTION OF NEW OFFENCES AND CRIME  UNDER BNS

SECTION 95:

Using a child in order to commit a crime provide hire, engage or employ is a new offence in BNS. There is no punishment in IPC to punish a person who employ or engage a child with a view to commit offences. A new section 95 of BNS has been added to hire, employ, engage or use a child for the purpose of committing the offence including sexual exploitation or pornography offence as if the child himself has committed the offence.

SECTION 304

Snatching: Section 304 of BNS defines theft as snatchings and this means a person commits theft and while doing so he suddenly or quickly or forcibly seizes or secures or grabs or takes away from any person or from possession of any other person any movable property.

SECTION 69

Sexual Intercourse: Employing deceitful means is a new offence availed under Section 69 of the BNS. Deceptive techniques may be in the form of employment offers, promises of promotion or marriage to an obscured identity, or undertaking any paid activity.

NEGLIGENCE OF THE DOCTOR:

Limited to punishment for proof of a registered medical practitioner causing the death due to negligence whilst carrying out invasive procedures. It was a general term applied under the earlier section 304A of IPC which pertained to negligence but somehow, affected forgetfulness, on a medical practitioner.

GENDER NEUTRALITY UNDER BNS:

The BNS has used the gender neutral term 'whoever' instead of 'any man who' used in Sections 354 B and 354C of IPC for crimes like assault or use of criminal force to woman with intent to disrobe her and Voyeurism under Sections 76 and 77 of the BNS respectively. For offences relating to harbouring deserter, the word "wife" is substituted by the term "spouse" in the exception of this section thereby making it gender neutral.The offence relating to importation of a person from foreign country has been made gender neutral to cover both boys and girls in Section 141 of the BNS whereas the word 'importation of girl from foreign country' is used in Section 366B of IPC. Since both boys and girls are procured for sexual exploitation, in Section 366A of IPC, the expression "minor girl" has been substituted with the word "child" in Sections 93 to 99 of BNS to cover even male and female children below the age of 18 years and the offence of procurement has been made punishable. Uniformity has been brought in the usage of expression 'child' all over BNS by substituting the expression 'minor' and 'child under the age of eighteen years' with the word 'child'.

INCREASED PENALITIES/ FINES FOR MANDATORY MINIMUM PUNISHMENT UNDER BNS:

SECTION 103:

Murder: Section 103 of BNS provides that whoever commits murder shall be punished with death or imprisonment for life which means imprisonment for the remainder of a person's natural life and shall also be liable to fine.

SECTION 106(2):

Hit and run cases- Under Section 106(2) of BNS, if a driver causes the death of a person by rash and negligent driving and "escapes without reporting it to a police officer or a Magistrate soon after the incident, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description of a term which may extend to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine." The said section is kept in abeyance at present.

The BNS has incorporated mandatory minimum punishment in 23 offences including buying child for the purpose of prostitution, organised crime, terrorist act, hurt to deter public servants from his duty, personating a public servant, theft etc. Increase in fine punishment - The BNS has increased punishment of fine in 83 offences. Fine of 10/-, 100/-, 200/-, 250/-500/- etc. have been enhanced to 1000/-, 2500/-, 5000/-,10,000/- etc to make the fine contemporaneous.

CONCLUSION:

In terms of criminal minds, examination may occur in the psychological, social or environment. If we can understand why people get involved, who they are, and what kinds of activities they tend to pursue, we should be able to do something quite effective by way of prevention programs (as well as potentially useful rehabilitation efforts). Such a holistic approach not only creates a safer community, but also targets the underlying causes of criminal behavior—resulting in long-term transformations and decreasing rates of second-offending. BHARATIYA NYAYA SANHITA reveals that how complex the human behaviour is and what gives rise to criminal activities. To administer the most equitable and efficient justice, balancing accountability with reformative and reintegration potential while considering the mental state of offenders are needed within our legal system.

REFERENCE:

1. https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-bharatiya-nyaya-sanhita-2023

2. https://sudhirrao.com/section-22-bns-section-22-of-bharatiya-nyaya-sanhita-bns/

3. https://www.mightywomen.in/the-bharatiya-nyaya-sanhita-2023-section-22-act-of-person-of-unsound-mind/

4. https://m.economictimes.com/news/india/bns-vs-ipc-how-bhartiya-nyay-sanhita-is-different-from-old-ipc-law-legal-experts-break-down-the-nitty-gritties-of-some-key-changes/articleshow/111408786.cms

5. https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-law/indias-new-criminal-laws-9425076/

6. https://blog.ipleaders.in/prison-system-role-and-reforms-made-w-r-t-india

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